Page Summary:
The psychological implications of abortion are as disputed as the act of abortion itself. Whether or not Post-Abortion Syndrome is a real or imagined condition, there is no denying the fact that abortion has left countless women with feelings of profound regret.
The term "Post Abortion Syndrome (PAS)" was first used on record in 1981 during a U.S. Senate Subcommittee hearing on abortion and the family.1 Psychologist Vincent Rue testified that, per his observations, the stress of abortion could lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. He suggested PAS be used to describe and classify stress disorders related to abortion. Not surprisingly, the term has been embraced by those who oppose abortion and rejected by those who support abortion. Both have a vested interest in their position, even though the morality of abortion has nothing to do with whether or not it causes psychological anguish to the aborting mother.
In 1988, Surgeon General C. Everett Koop was tasked with preparing a report on the effects of abortion on women's health. Koop's biography, on the National Library of Medicine website, describes his efforts this way:
As had become Koop's practice in drafting reports, he personally interviewed experts, activists, and people directly affected on both sides of the abortion controversy. He found that, even more so than in the debate over AIDS, the politics of abortion skewed scientific approaches. Researchers allowed the design of their studies as well as their results to be influenced by their moral and political commitments in regard to abortion. Koop concluded that there was no unbiased, rigorous scientific research on the effects of abortion on women's health that could serve as the basis for a Surgeon General's report on the issue.2
His official statement concluded that "the available scientific evidence about the psychological sequelae of abortion simply cannot support either the preconceived notions of those pro-life or those pro-choice."3 The ambivalence of Dr. Koop's assertion has not kept abortion advocates from unequivocally stating that abortion has no negative effects on a woman's mental health—nor do they give any recognition to his earlier writing on the subject. Dr. Koop states the following in a book he co-wrote on the subject of abortion:
To tell a pregnant woman that a few hours or a day in the hospital or clinic will rid her of all her problems and will send her out the door a free person is to forget the humanness of women who are now mothers. With many of the women who have had abortions, their "motherliness" is very much present even though the child is gone.4
Planned Parenthood's fact sheet, The Emotional Effects of Induced Abortion calls, Post-Abortion Syndrome a "nonexistent phenomenon" manufactured by "anti-family planning activists."5 To justify these remarks, they point out that PAS is not officially recognized by The American Psychological Association or The American Psychiatric Association. What they don't point out is that the American Psychiatric Association is an organization radically committed to abortion rights. The APA officially opposes any measure that might limit or restrict the availability of abortion in any way, calling abortion "a mental health imperative."6 A 2008 press release from then-president, Nada Stotland, includes the following:
...there is no convincing evidence that abortion is a significant cause of psychiatric illness. We must distinguish illnesses from feelings... Negative feelings often stem from the circumstances that led the woman to terminate the pregnancy... or from the circumstances of the abortion itself such as demonstrators at an abortion facility.7
She admits that women often experience negative feelings after an abortion but insists that their grief is not an "illness," and then blames it on other factors (such as "demonstrators" who may have been outside the abortion clinic). This is the same line of reasoning taken up by the National Abortion Federation (NAF) in their 2009 teaching text on abortion. The NAF concedes that "negative reactions (to abortion) can include extreme grief, guilt, shame, anger, regret, (or) increased symptoms of emotional disorders,"8 but argues that these effects must not be confused with "psychiatric illnesses, such as depression."9 They further assert that "after months or years, distinguishing the possible impact of an induced abortion from other life events may be impossible."10 Returning to President Stotland, her press release continues:
Women have abortions because they understand the importance of good mothering; they want to have wanted babies and to be able to give those babies what they need to grow up loved, healthy, and happy.11
Apparently, she is arguing that the reason women kill their children through abortion is because they understand how important it is to be a good mother. They "want to have wanted babies," but since they ended up with "unwanted" babies, they abort them in the service of love, health, and happiness. Does this sound like a neutral medical observer or someone who might be interpreting data to fit an existing ideology? She wraps up her remarks this way:
Decisions about reproductive health should be made between a woman, her family and her doctor. The best way to protect the mental health of women considering abortion is to ensure that they have accurate, unbiased information, receive good medical care, and are given support by family and friends whether they decide to continue or terminate their pregnancies.12
This is verbatim Planned Parenthood speak. Abortion should be left up to a woman, her family, and her doctor—so long as "family" doesn't mean the baby's father or the woman's parents, who have no legal authority to prevent an abortion, and "doctor" does mean the random abortionist who rarely meets the woman until the abortion takes place. "Accurate, unbiased" information should be offered—so long as it paints abortion in the best possible light, assures women that there are no emotional health risks, and says (or shows) nothing of prenatal development. In light of President Nada's glowing endorsement of abortion, is it any wonder the American Psychiatric Association can find "no convincing evidence" linking abortion to a general increase in psychological trauma? Their claims become even more questionable in light of the report that prompted Nada Stotland's press release in the first place. In August of 2008, the American Psychology Association's Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion (TFMHA) published a 107-page report. This is how the report answers the question, "Does abortion cause harm to women’s mental health?":
[This] question is not scientifically testable from an ethical or practical perspective.13
That doesn't sound very conclusive, and the next two questions yield equally noncommittal answers. The questions are "How prevalent are mental health problems among women in the United States who have had an abortion?" and "What is the relative risk of mental health problems associated with abortion compared to its alternatives?" Here is their response:
[These] questions obscure the important point that abortion is not a unitary event, but encompasses a diversity of experiences.14
Right out of the gate, the TFMHA report states there is no way to measure whether abortion harms a woman's mental health, and they follow this up with the assertion that even when post-abortive women exhibit mental health problems, these problems might be tied to other things. How, then, does either organization feel confident in asserting that abortion, in no way, increases a woman's general likelihood of suffering mental trauma? Let's get to the specifics. Perhaps that will help clarify.
The TFMHA report evaluated 50 published papers that appeared in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and 2007. These papers "analyzed empirical data of a quantitative nature on psychological experiences associated with induced abortion, compared to an alternative." In other words, the studies compared the mental health of women who have had an abortion with women who haven't. Ten of these papers were based on the secondary analysis of medical record data sets. The one deemed the most "methodologically rigorous" by the TFMHA was a Finnish study (Gissler et al., 2004b). The TFMHA report summarized the findings this way:
Across both the Medi-Cal and Finland record-based studies, a higher rate of violent death (including accidents, homicide, and suicide) was observed among women who had an abortion compared to women who delivered. This correlational finding is consistent with other evidence indicating that risk for violence is higher in the lives of women who have abortions and underscores the importance of controlling for violence exposure in studies of mental health associated with pregnancy outcome.15
In other words, even though women who have had an abortion are unquestionably more likely to commit suicide or die in a violent assault than women who haven't, this might owe to the fact women who have abortions are often subject to greater risks of violence in the first place. Likewise, the NAF asserts that women who have abortions are more likely to experience reproductive health problems down the line, not because of the abortion, but because they are psychologically more predisposed towards other risk behaviors. They write:
Women who terminate a pregnancy differ from those who do not in ways that affect reproductive health. For example, they are more likely to smoke and to be exposed to sexually transmitted infections through a greater number of sexual partners, earlier age at first sex, preexisting pelvic inflammatory disease, and less reliance on condoms for protection from STIs.16
Because of the difficulty in isolating which effects are actually caused by abortion, the TFMHA report rejects the relevancy of this study. The next 15 papers examined were studies built on the analysis of public data sets. According to the report, the most rigorous of these studies (Fergusson et al., 2006) examined a representative sample of young women in Christchurch, NZ. The TFMHA report concludes:
In these analyses, women who had one or more abortions prior to age 21 had a significantly higher number of total psychiatric disorders by age 25 than women who had delivered or had never been pregnant by age 21. This study thus suggests that women who have one or more abortions at a young age (<21) are at greater relative risk for psychiatric disorder compared to women who deliver a child at a young age or women who do not get pregnant at a young age.17
Despite commending the methodology of the study, the TFMHA rejects this conclusion as well, largely because "wantedness" was not a control factor—their assertion being that most women who carry to term, want a baby, whereas most women who abort, don't want a baby. Because of this, they argue, women who give birth to a "wanted" baby will naturally be in a better mental condition than women who abort an "unwanted baby."
The data in nineteen of the studies examined was specifically collected so as to compare women who have aborted with women who haven't. The TFMHA deemed only one of these scientifically sound—a 1995 UK study (Gilchrist et al.). The structure of the study is similar to the 2006 New Zealand study, but concludes that abortion does not increase the risk of psychiatric disorder. The TFMHA argues that the 1995 UK study is more reliable because it sampled more women, did not restrict the sample by age, and factored out "wanted" pregnancies. As such, this 1995 study from the United Kingdom became the linchpin in the overall conclusion of the American Psychological Association report:
Based on our comprehensive review and evaluation of the empirical literature published in peer-reviewed journals since 1989, this Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion concludes that the most methodologically sound research indicates that among women who have a single, legal, first-trimester abortion of an unplanned pregnancy for nontherapeutic reasons, the relative risks of mental health problems are no greater than the risks among women who deliver an unplanned pregnancy. This conclusion is generally consistent with that reached by the first APA task force.18
Ironically, this assertion comes despite a significant concession made just two pages earlier. It reads as follows:
[In order to ascertain the] prevalence of mental health problems among women in the United States who have had an abortion, [adequate research must at minimum include:] (1) a clearly defined, agreed upon, and appropriately measured mental health problem (e.g., a clinically significant disorder, assessed via validated criteria); (2) a sample representative of the population to which one wants to generalize (e.g., women in the United States); and (3) knowledge of the prevalence of the same mental health problem in the general population, equated with the abortion group with respect to potentially confounding factors. None of the studies reviewed met all these criteria and hence provided sound evidence regarding prevalence.19
So where does all this leave us? Right back where C. Everett Koop left us in 1988. No matter what anyone says, there is no way to scientifically prove that abortion does or does not increase the likelihood of mental trauma. There are too many ways to read the data, and too many ways to throw out undesirable results. Nevertheless, the National Abortion Federation continues to maintain that there is "incontrovertible evidence" to prove that abortion does not cause "long-lasting psychological trauma,"20 despite their recognition that "most of that evidence is decades old and doesn't include any long-term follow-up,"21 which would "impose an undue burden" on women who prefer to "put the [abortion] behind them."22
For our part, we are perfectly willing to admit our inability to "prove" that abortion causes emotional trauma, but we can provide hundreds of unsolicited real-life testimonies from women who have had abortions. At the very least, it is safe to say that abortion has not been a positive experience for the vast majority of these women, nor is it hard to speculate why—which may be why the Supreme Court ruled in 2003 that it "seems unexceptionable to conclude some women come to regret their choice to abort the infant life they once created and sustained… Severe depression and loss of esteem can follow."23 Though the morality of abortion is not affected by the influence it has on mental health, the misery of these women should not be overlooked. Perhaps a simple common-sense question can reveal to us what science cannot. Are women more likely to regret having a child, or more likely to regret having an abortion? Even without a peer-reviewed, medically-published study, the answer is fairly obvious.
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- Vincent Rue, “Abortion and Family Relations,” testimony before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the US Senate Judiciary Committee, U.S. Senate, 97th Congress, Washington, DC (1981).
- U.S. National Library of Medicine, The C. Everett Koop Papers, “Reproduction and Family Health,” http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/QQ/p-nid/88 (June 21, 2012).
- Ibid.
- C. Everett Koop, M.D., and Francis A. Schaeffer, Whatever Happened to the Human Race? (Fleming H. Revell Company, 1979), 37.
- Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., Fact Sheet, “The Emotional Effects of Induced Abortion,” https://www.plannedparenthood.org/uploads/filer_public/0c/9a/0c9a91c0-3e94-48d8-b110-374da1275df8/abortion_emotional_effects.pdf, February 20124).
- American Psychiatric Association, APA Official Actions, “Abortion and women’s reproductive rights,” http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Advocacy%20and%20Newsroom/Position%20Statements/ps2009_Abortion.pdf (June 2010).
- Nada Stotland, MD, American Psychiatric Association Press Release, 2008.
- Anne Baker, MA and Terry Beresford, BA, “Informed Consent, Patient Education, and Counseling,” Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy. Ed. Paul, Lichtenberg, Borgatta, Grimes, Stubblefield and Creinin. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 59.
- Carol J. Rowland Hogue PhD, et al, “Answering Questions About Long-Term Outcomes” Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy. Ed. Paul, Lichtenberg, Borgatta, Grimes, Stubblefield and Creinin. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 257.
- Ibid.
- Nada Stotland, MD, American Psychiatric Association Press Release, 2008.
- Ibid.
- Brenda Major, PhD, et al, Report of the APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/mental-health-abortion-report.pdf (2008) 87.
- Ibid.
- Ibid, 88.
- Carol J. Rowland Hogue PhD, et al, “Answering Questions About Long-Term Outcomes” Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy. Ed. Paul, Lichtenberg, Borgatta, Grimes, Stubblefield and Creinin. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 253.
- Brenda Major, PhD, et al, Report of the APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/mental-health-abortion-report.pdf (2008) 88.
- Ibid, 92.
- Ibid, 90.
- Maureen Paul MD, MPH, “Preface,” Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy. Ed. Paul, Lichtenberg, Borgatta, Grimes, Stubblefield and Creinin. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), xv.
- Carol J. Rowland Hogue PhD, et al, “Answering Questions About Long-Term Outcomes” Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy. Ed. Paul, Lichtenberg, Borgatta, Grimes, Stubblefield and Creinin. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 259.
- Ibid, 257.
- Bonnie Scott Jones, JD, and Jennifer Dalven, JD, “Abortion Law and Policy in the USA,” Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy. Ed. Paul, Lichtenberg, Borgatta, Grimes, Stubblefield and Creinin. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 39.
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion Risks
For Further Study:
- Abortion Without Regret (Abort73 Blog)
